In 1936, Alan Turing, a then young mathematician, published a paper that would fundamentally alter the course of computing and, indeed, human history. The paper, titled On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungs-problem, introduced concepts that would lay the groundwork for modern computer science. Turing's work addressed a critical question posed by David Hilbert: the Entscheidungs-problem, or "decision problem," which asks whether there exists a definitive method that can determine the truth of any given mathematical statement.

In the summer of 1945, as the world was transitioning from the turmoil of World War II into a period of reconstruction and reevaluation, Vannevar Bush, an American engineer and science administrator, published a visionary essay titled As We May Think. This essay, first appearing in The Atlantic Monthly, not only captured the imagination of its readers but also laid the conceptual groundwork for future innovations in information technology and knowledge management.

In 1950, Alan Turing published a seminal paper titled Computing Machinery and Intelligence, sparking a pivotal dialogue that continues to resonate across the disciplines of computer science, philosophy, psychology, and artificial intelligence (AI). This paper is most renowned for introducing what is now called the Turing Test—a method to determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from that of a human. Turing's exploration begins with the provocative question, "Can machines think?"—a query that has shaped the course of artificial intelligence research and ethical discussions ever since.

A seminal work in software engineering and project management. Drawing from Brooks' experiences as the project manager for IBM's System/360 computer family and the OS/360 software, the book discusses the complexities and challenges of large-scale software development projects. Brooks introduces the concept of the "mythical man-month," the idea that adding manpower to a late software project only makes it later.

A landmark novel that not only helped to define the cyberpunk genre but also profoundly influenced our ideas about technology and the future. This visionary work transports readers to a dystopian world where data is as valuable as currency, and cyberspace is a vivid, immersive realm navigated by hackers and shadowy operatives.

The novel that introduced the metaverse. Published in 1992, Neal Stephenson dives headfirst into a high-octane, cyberpunk-infused future where information technology and economic globalization have transformed society. The book is both a thrilling adventure and a prophetic vision of the digital age, showcasing Stephenson's sharp wit and profound insights into the nexus of technology, culture, and politics.

In the groundbreaking essay "The Cathedral and the Bazaar," first presented in 1997 and later expanded into a book, Eric S. Raymond offers a profound analysis of the contrasting development models in software engineering. Drawing from his observations and personal experiences within the open-source community, Raymond juxtaposes two fundamentally different approaches to software development: the "cathedral" model, which is structured, hierarchical, and often closed-source; and the "bazaar" model, which is open, chaotic, and collaborative.

Introduces the concept of "disruptive innovation," a process by which a smaller company with fewer resources is able to challenge established business giants. Christensen, a Harvard Business School professor, explores why well-managed companies often fail to stay on top of new technologies.

In 1998, a landmark legal document emerged in the annals of U.S. antitrust law: the "Complaint: U.S. v. Microsoft Corp." This complaint, filed by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) along with 20 U.S. states, marked the beginning of one of the most significant antitrust cases in modern American history. The core of the lawsuit was the accusation that Microsoft had engaged in anti-competitive and exclusionary practices aimed at maintaining its monopoly in the operating system market, particularly concerning its handling of web browser sales tied to its Windows operating system.

In 2005, Tim O'Reilly, a prominent advocate for open source software and the founder of O'Reilly Media, published an insightful article titled "What is Web 2.0?" This piece swiftly became a defining manifesto for the second generation of the internet—a shift from static webpages to a dynamic, user-generated, and participatory platform that has transformed how we interact with the web today.

A compelling and rigorously detailed examination of the modern antitrust issues posed by Amazon, one of the largest and most influential companies in the world. Published in the Yale Law Journal in 2017, Khan's article challenges the traditional frameworks used in antitrust law, arguing that they fail to recognize or address the type of market power and consumer harm that Amazon could wield.